Why Did Most African Countries Not Build Cities Along Rivers Like Europeans?

Many misconceptions exist regarding the location of cities in African countries. Contrary to popular belief, most African cities are indeed situated near rivers, much like their European counterparts. This article delves into the reasons why some countries did or did not build their cities along rivers, and explores the significance of river settlement in the history and development of urban areas across the continent.

River Settlement in Africa

Several postings in Africa have highlighted the numerous cities built along significant rivers. For instance, the Nile River in countries such as Egypt and Sudan has played a pivotal role in human settlement for millennia. Similarly, Zambia’s Mighty Zambezi River has been a vital resource for towns like Victoria Falls and

Examples of River-Sided Cities in Africa

Consider the cities of White Nile, Khartoum, and Aswan in Sudan, which are strategically located along the Nile. Furthermore, Zambia has a number of cities that are built along the Zambezi River, including the famous Victoria Falls. In the Congo, the Congo River, while less navigable than the Nile, still supports cities like Kinshasa and Brazzaville.

Climate and Navigability

The navigability of rivers, along with the climate, significantly influences the location and growth of cities. In some regions, rivers are not navigable, which can limit their utility for urban development. For example, in South Africa, the Orange River and the Tugela River have limited navigability due to environmental and climatic conditions.

The Orange River, which runs through a semi-desert area, is primarily used for irrigation rather than large-scale navigation. While the river can support smaller-scale irrigation, it is not sufficient to sustain a large city. Similarly, the Limpopo River, which sometimes dries up due to seasonal variations, is not a viable option for extensive urban development.

Historical Context

The settlement patterns in both ancient and modern African cities depend heavily on a reliable and accessible water supply. Historically, the availability of fresh water was crucial for survival and the growth of urban centers. Cities that developed near riverbanks were more likely to thrive due to the availability of water for domestic use, agriculture, and transportation.

Clever Urban Planning

Apart from the practical benefits, African urban planners also considered strategic advantages in locating cities away from rivers. For instance, placing cities away from rivers could deter colonists or foreign invaders by making access more challenging. This strategic placement contributed to maintaining political and cultural independence.

Conclusion

In conclusion, many African cities are indeed built near rivers, playing a critical role in their development and growth. However, the limitations of navigability and climate have influenced the location of some cities. Understanding these factors helps in comprehending the historical and contemporary urban planning decisions in Africa.

Urban planners and policymakers can learn from these historical examples to navigate the challenges of modern urban development in the region.