Why Did Many Ukrainians Choose Canada Over the US?

Despite a perpetual flow of propaganda from the Soviet Union promoting the United States, Ukrainians often found themselves reconsidering their options. The allure of America's "land of opportunity" was counterbalanced by the stark realities of Canada's reputation as a place of winter and limited sunlight. However, many chose to settle in Canada, driven by a variety of historical and socio-economic factors that eventually made it a preferred destination for immigrants from various parts of the world, including the United States.

Historical Context and Bias

Historically, the narrative in the Soviet Union revolved around America, emphasizing the 'American Dream' and the opportunities it offered. In contrast, Canada was often misinterpreted and marginalized, akin to Narnia under the witch, always winter with never a summer. The perception was that the United States was the polar opposite of the USSR, offering a stark contrast that promised a brighter future.

Adding to this, many Ukrainians believed the United States would welcome them with open arms, not realizing that Canada too had a history of being equally welcoming. This misperception led to a significant number choosing Canada over the US, driven by a desire to escape the harsh realities of Soviet-style oppression.

Economic and Social Factors

During different periods, the reasons for Ukrainian immigration to Canada varied widely:

Pre-Soviet Era (Escape Poverty and Repression): Ukrainians fled the Russian Empire during the pre-Soviet era to escape both poverty and political repression. Pre-WW2 Era (Escape Starvation and Repression): Many Ukrainians immigrated to Canada in the lead-up to World War II, escaping famine and the oppressive conditions of the Russian regime. Post-WW2 Era (Ex-Fascists and Gulag Survivors): A smaller number of Ukrainians immigrated to Canada in the post-war period, including people who had ties to fascism or were at risk of ending up in a Soviet gulag. Post-Soviet Era (Escape Poverty): Post the Soviet collapse, a large wave of Ukrainians left for Canada to escape poverty and seek a better life.

It is worth noting that a significant portion of those described as Ukrainian in the early waves were, in fact, Russian or Belarusian. The Soviet government's influence and subsequent Russian reluctance to distinguish between ethnicities led to a collective identity that often lumped these groups together under the umbrella of Ukraine.

Homestead Act and Canadian Marketing

The Homestead Act, a piece of legislation that provided free land to settlers, was a significant draw for both Canada and the United States. However, Canada managed to market itself more effectively, with initiatives such as the promotion of free land and the establishment of sponsored settlements.

Canada's marketing campaigns were particularly effective, with posters and other materials promoting immigration showcasing the opportunities available. Museums and historical sites in Canada, such as the Museum of History in Gatineau, display these posters and other materials, illustrating how Canada appealed to Ukrainians and Russians.

While many Ukrainians did settle in the United States, the number of immigrants to Canada was also significant. The United States did provide support to Ukraine, but it did not establish refugee camps for Ukrainian refugees. In contrast, Canada actively developed its economy with the influx of refugees and immigrants, making it a preferred destination for many.

Religious Tolerance and Immigration

Many Ukrainian immigrants were either Orthodox or followed other obscure religions. Canada, with its more tolerant religious environment, was seen as a more welcoming place. Although many eventually converted to Catholicism, there remain numerous Orthodox churches across the country, attesting to the influence of the Ukrainian culture and religion.

One can even find Ukrainian road signs in several small towns in Canada, a testament to the enduring presence of Ukrainian communities and their contributions to Canadian society.