Understanding the Territorial Disputes between Nepal and India: A nuanced perspective
While it is often humorous to see how small disputes over borders can escalate and create havoc, it is essential to understand the historical context and the current standing of territorial disputes between Nepal and India. The recent mapping controversies have drawn significant attention, and it is crucial to analyze these issues from a balanced standpoint.
Nepal-India Border Rivalry: An Overview
The relationship between Nepal and India has traditionally been friendly, with both countries sharing cultural, economic, and political ties. However, territorial disputes have occasionally surfaced, particularly over regions such as Kalapani and Susta, leading to headlines and debates.
Conflict and Claims: The Kalapani Dispute
One of the most visible territorial disputes is the conflict over the Kalapani region, which lies on the northeastern border of Uttarakhand in India and Nepal's Sudurpashchim Pradesh. The dispute primarily revolves around the origin of the Kali river and the trijunction formed by Kalapani, Limpiyadhura, and Lipulekh.
The origins of the problem can be traced back to the Treaty of Sugauli signed in 1816, following the Anglo-Nepal War. According to this treaty, the Mahakali river served as the western boundary between the British India and the Kingdom of Nepal. However, differences in the location of the river's tributary have led to conflicting claims.
The Treaty of Sagauli and the Susta Dispute
The second major area of contention is the Susta region, which has risen due to the shifting course of the Gandak river. The Treaty of Sagauli (1850), a key document in defining the border between India and Nepal, positioned Susta on the right bank of the Gandak river, within Nepal's control. Over time, however, the river's course has changed, placing Susta on the left bank, under Indian control.
Complex Historical Context
Both countries claim their respective territories based on perceived historical trajectories and maps. These disputes arise from ambiguities in borders that were not clearly defined in the past due to underdeveloped surveying techniques.
India asserts that the Kali river forms the natural border, with Susta being part of its territory. On the other hand, Nepal argues that the Kali river originates at Limpiyadhura, making the Susta region part of its domain. These conflicting perceptions have led to the current territorial disputes.
Need for Dialogue and Peaceful Resolution
Given the current state of the disputes, it is crucial for both nations to engage in comprehensive dialogue aimed at resolving these issues peacefully. A peaceful resolution will not only help in restoring friendly ties but will also contribute to regional stability.
Conclusion and Further Reading
Both Nepal and India share a long and complex history. The current territorial disputes cannot be understood without examining their historical roots and the changing geographies due to natural factors such as the shift in river courses. Understanding these disputes from a historical perspective is essential for a peaceful resolution and the restoration of friendly ties.
References
Why are India and Nepal fighting over Kalapani?
Mapping the history of Kalapani dispute between India and Nepal
Indo-Nepal Territorial Dispute
Kalapani Dispute - Drishti IAS