The Presence and Performance of British Submarines in World War II
During World War II, the Royal Navy, one of the world's largest and most advanced navies, significantly strengthened its submarine force. This period marked a critical time for the development and deployment of submarines under British command, with a notable increase in numbers and capabilities.
Initial Submarine Strength and Developments
At the start of the war in 1939, the Royal Navy had 57 submarines. By the end of the conflict in 1945, the number had dramatically increased to 238, though this figure did not account for the numerous successful mini-submarines, particularly the X-class midget submarines. This growth in submarine numbers was facilitated by the development and adaptation of various submarine designs to meet the demands of the war.
The T Class Submarines
The T-class submarines, designed before the war, were particularly useful, especially in operations across Europe and the Far East. Designed to operate in a wide range of missions, the T-class submarines were essential assets for attack purposes. Although they could have benefitted from further improvements, treaty limitations hindered these advancements. These submarines played a crucial role in the early stages of the war and laid the foundation for subsequent submarine designs.
The S Class Submarines
Characterized by their satisfactory small size and performance, the S-class submarines were versatile and capable of carrying out various missions. These submarines were particularly effective and adapted to specific operational environments, contributing significantly to the Royal Navy's strategic goals.
The U Class Submarines
The U-class submarines were designed primarily as training vessels but were later adapted for combat purposes. They featured forward torpedo tubes and were particularly effective when deployed from Malta. These submarines demonstrated their adaptability and combat readiness, showcasing the Royal Navy's commitment to training and readiness during the war.
Larger Submarines and Mine Laying Capabilities
Several larger submarines built around 1930 for the Far East were repurposed for the European theatre of World War II. Additionally, there were three mine laying submarines that contributed to the war effort. Although specific details of their performance may vary, the presence of these diverse and specialized submarines underscores the Royal Navy's efforts to develop a comprehensive and multifaceted submarine fleet.
The Overall Effectiveness of British Submarines
Far from the inaccuracies depicted in Hollywood, the Royal Navy indeed had a substantial and effective submarine force during World War II. Over 200 submarines were in operation by war's end, and each played some degree of function in various campaigns and operations. The U-class submarine, in particular, stood out, with notable examples such as HMS Upholder achieving significant success in the Mediterranean.
Conclusion and Further Reading
No, the British submarine designs of World War II were far from ineffective. These submarines not only met but often exceeded expectations, contributing to the successful conduct of the war. For more detailed information on British submarine designs, mini-submarines, and specific submarine operations, consult resources such as the Wikipedia page on the U-class submarine or other reliable historical references. The contributions of the Royal Navy's submarine fleet were instrumental not only in the war but also in shaping the future of naval warfare.