The History of Greek Settlement in Sicily and Southern Italy
Introduction:
The impact of Greek migration and colonization in the Mediterranean region is well-documented, particularly within areas such as Sicily and Southern Italy. This article aims to explore the history of Greek settlement in these regions, from the 8th century BC when the first waves of Greeks began to establish colonies, until more recent periods up to the Ottoman times.
The Arrival of Greeks in Sicily and Southern Italy
Greeks began migrating to Southern Italy and Sicily in successive waves starting from the 8th century BC. These early settlers were primarily from the Greek city-states and sought to establish trading posts and colonies in fertile areas of the region. Colonies like Selinous in Sicily and Metaponto in Southern Italy were soon founded, serving as critical points for cultural and commercial exchange.
Greek Colonization and Settlement Patterns
The native inhabitants of Sicily, including tribes such as the Sicani, Elymians, and Sicels, were established there long before the arrival of Greeks. The Sicani, for example, are believed to have arrived from the Iberian Peninsula according to Thucydides. Other groups, such as the Elymians, are thought to have originated from the Aegean Sea, and the Sicels from Liguria.
In addition to these major groups, there were smaller Italic tribes that inhabited parts of the region, including the Ausones and the Morgetes. However, these groups were often subsumed or integrated into the larger Greek communities over time.
The Role of True Greeks in Sicily
Classical times saw further developments in Sicily, with both true Greeks and other Mediterranean groups dominating the region. Phoenicians, Carthaginians, and Romans also played significant roles, although the influence of these people likely waned over time. For instance, it is unlikely that any Phoenician men remained after the Punic Wars, and while some Romans did settle, their numbers were probably limited.
However, as Mediterranean people moved in and intermixed, the original Greek colonies and settlements persisted and evolved. This integration and mixture of cultures eventually led to the rich cultural tapestry that is now a hallmark of Sicily and Southern Italy.
Controversies and Misconceptions
It is important to note that some of the populations in this region, particularly in the northern parts of the Italian peninsula, have a different historical background. For example, while Greeks did establish significant settlements in the south, the name 'Italy' itself is believed to have derived from 'Italos,' a mythological figure from Greek mythology, rather than being a direct result of Greek colonization.
Conclusion:
The history of Greek settlement in Sicily and Southern Italy is a complex and fascinating story of migration, cultural exchange, and integration. While Greeks played a dominant role in certain parts of the region, particularly in the south, their influence extended far beyond the contemporary borders of Italy, impacting the cultural, linguistic, and social fabric of these lands for centuries to come.