The Factors Behind Ethiopia's Loss in the Eritrean War of Independence

The Eritrean War of Independence was a protracted and tumultuous struggle that lasted from 1961 to 1991, ultimately leading to Eritrea's independence from Ethiopia. This war was marked by significant challenges for the Ethiopian government, which lost the war despite its initial advantages. This article delves into the key factors that led to Ethiopia's downfall in this conflict.

Determined Eritrean Resistance

One of the primary reasons for Ethiopia's loss was the determination and resilience of the Eritrean people. The Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) and later the Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF) waged a relentless guerrilla warfare campaign against the Ethiopian government. This involved hit-and-run tactics, ambushes, and strategic use of guerrilla warfare techniques. The Eritrean fighters demonstrated remarkable unity and commitment, making it extremely difficult for the Ethiopian forces to gain a decisive victory.

Support from External Actors

External support played a crucial role in the Eritrean struggle for independence. Countries such as Sudan and Yemen provided bases and logistical support to the Eritrean rebels. Additionally, the Cold War era geopolitical dynamics influenced the conflict, with the EPLF receiving support from the Soviet Union and Cuba. In contrast, Ethiopia received support from the United States and Israel. This external support bolstered the Eritrean war effort and made it more formidable against the Ethiopian forces.

Internal Divisions in Ethiopia

Within Ethiopia itself, there were significant internal divisions and political instability. Following the overthrow of Emperor Haile Selassie in 1974, the country experienced a period of political turmoil. The military junta, known as the Derg, seized power under Mengistu Haile Mariam, leading to a brutal and repressive regime. This instability made it difficult for the Ethiopian government to maintain control over the entire country, let alone effectively counter the Eritrean insurgency.

>Popular Support for Eritrean Independence

The Eritrean independence movement enjoyed widespread popular support within Eritrea. The Eritrean people's strong desire for self-determination and independence from Ethiopia was a significant factor in the success of the EPLF. The EPLF established an effective administration in liberated areas, providing essential services and governance. This solidified the support of the local population, making it easier for the Eritrean rebels to recruit new fighters and maintain their struggle.

Shift in International Opinion

Over time, international opinion shifted in favor of the Eritrean cause. The human rights abuses committed by the Ethiopian government, coupled with the EPLF's successful public relations efforts, helped to garner significant international support for Eritrean independence. This shift in opinion provided additional pressure on the Ethiopian government and further undermined their resolve and resources.

Read more about the Eritrean War of Independence in this highly recommended book.