Understanding Church Synod and Council: A Closer Look

The terms Synod and Council often cause confusion due to their overlapping nature. Traditionally, the terms have been used interchangeably, referring to assemblies of ecclesiastical leaders to discuss and decide on matters of doctrine, discipline, and liturgy. However, in modern contexts, these terms have taken on slightly different connotations, especially within the Catholic Church.

Pope Francis and the Modern Use of Synodality

Pope Francis has been a strong proponent of the term Synodality, which emphasizes the concept of a meeting of equals. During his pontificate, the Holy Father has emphasized the importance of listening and engaging with parishioners and religious leaders alike in a spirit of mutual respect and collaborative decision-making. This approach is different from the more structured and formal nature of councils, which typically have predefined agendas and expected outcomes.

The Historical Context: Councils and Synods

Monica Jones defines a synod as an assembly of ecclesiastics, not necessarily all bishops, gathered under ecclesiastical authority to discuss and decide on matters related to doctrine, discipline, or liturgy. The term synod and council were once synonymous, but distinctions have emerged in contemporary usage.

Historical Evolution

The term synod comes from the Latin synodus, which itself is derived from the Greek sundos, meaning meeting. Historically, synods were primarily assemblies of diocesan bishops. During the Council of Trent in the 16th century, synods were mandated to be held annually in dioceses. In the modern era, the Code of Canon Law further defined diocesan synods, mandating that they should be held every ten years, with bishops having legislative authority and others serving as consultants.

Councils: Structured and Purposeful

A church council, on the other hand, is an authorized gathering of bishops convened to discuss ecclesiastical problems and pass decrees. Catholic councils can be ecumenical, involving all bishops, or particular, involving a specific portion of the hierarchy. Ecumenical councils are deemed universal, while particular councils may be provincial, restricted to a geographic region or country. Only ecumenical councils enjoy full juridical authority in religious questions, whereas particular councils and episcopal conferences do not.

Comparing Synod and Council: A Practical Look

While both synods and councils are gatherings of religious leaders, there is a significant difference in their approach and structure:

Flexibility vs. Structure: A synod allows for more flexibility and spontaneity, whereas a council typically adheres to a predefined agenda and expected outcomes. While synods can still have agendas, the expectation is that unexpected ideas and discussions may arise. Engagement vs. Decisiveness: Synods emphasize collaborative engagement and mutual respect among participants. In contrast, councils aim to pass specific decrees and achieve defined objectives. Legislative Authority: Ecumenical councils hold full legislative authority, whereas synods and particular councils have limited legislative powers, focusing more on consultation and advising.

Negative Perceptions

Despite the positive intentions behind synods and councils, they are often met with criticism and even hostility. Authorities devising rules to control the flock, as some perceive it, can lead to backlash. This is evident in the case of Sam Margrave, a bishop who stood up against aggressive reformation agendas but faced significant opposition from those who viewed his actions as a threat to traditional structures.

Conclusion

While the terms synod and council have evolved to carry nuanced meanings in contemporary religious contexts, their core functions remain rooted in discussions, decision-making, and advisory roles among religious leaders. Understanding their differences can help in appreciating the unique contributions each makes to the governance and development of religious communities.