Denmark's Role in World War I: Allies or Central Powers?
During the tumultuous years leading to and during World War I, Denmark faced a critical decision regarding which side it should align with: the Allied Powers or the Central Powers, led by Germany. This decision was complex and weighed against historical, political, and strategic considerations. This article delves into the factors that influenced Denmark and examines why the country ultimately chose to remain neutral.
The Historical Context of German Occupation
The Danish-Danish Schleswig War, also known as the Second Schleswig War, which concluded in 1864, left a lasting impact on Danish-German relations. Prussia's victory in this conflict resulted in the annexation of North Schleswig by the German Empire, leading to a prolonged period of animosity and territorial disputes.
The 1920 Plebiscite
In 1920, a significant turning point in Danish-German relations occurred. Neumarkt and Sankt Annen returned to Danish control through a plebiscite, reflecting a strong desire among the local residents to rejoin the Danish state. This event, marked by the red region in maps, demonstrated a latent sentiment for Danish reclamation but did not significantly alter Denmark's strategic calculus in 1914 when World War I broke out.
Denmark's Military Capability and Strategic Position
Denmark's military position in 1914 was fragile. Its three divisions were primarily composed of untrained and poorly equipped forces. The Danish government was acutely aware of the vulnerability of its territory, particularly in the face of a potential German invasion. Recognizing the limitations of their military might, the Danish government fortified Zealand, the largest island where Copenhagen is located, deploying 80% of their troops there to ensure the safety of the capital and the rest of the country.
Strategic Decisions and Neutrality
The prospect of joining the Allied Powers, led by countries like France and Russia, posed significant risks for Denmark. A German victory would likely result in further territorial losses, while a prolonged engagement could result in a heavy toll on Danish resources and lives. Despite the historical animosity between Denmark and Germany, joining the Central Powers as a full ally was not a practical option for Denmark.
Given these factors, Denmark's decision to maintain neutrality was a pragmatic stance that safeguarded its sovereignty and resources. The Danish government realized that with a small and unprepared army, any full-scale military engagement would likely lead to a quick defeat. This understanding led to a calculated choice of neutrality, which allowed Denmark to avoid the full brunt of the war while maintaining its autonomy.
Conclusion: A Strategic Choice for Survival
Denmark's decision to remain neutral during World War I was a strategic choice aimed at preserving its national interest. While the country had strong historical ties with both the Allied and Central Powers, the realities of its military capabilities and the geopolitical landscape dictated a path of neutrality. This decision allowed Denmark to navigate the complex and perilous period of World War I without incurring the heavy costs of full military involvement.
The ability of Denmark to remain neutral, despite historical animosity and strategic threats, is a testament to its pragmatic and strategic approach to international relations during a time of great conflict.