Belgium's Acquisition of Eupen-Malmedy: Post-World War I Territorial Adjustments According to the Treaty of Versailles

In the aftermath of World War I and the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919, Belgium acquired the territories of Eupen and Malmedy. This acquisition was a result of multiple factors, including historical claims, strategic considerations, and the broader geopolitical context of post-war Europe. This article explores the specific reasons behind Belgium's limited annexation and why a larger piece of the Rhine Province was not ceded to it.

Historical Context

The historical background plays a crucial role in understanding Belgium's territorial gains post-World War I. Eupen and Malmedy, areas that had been part of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège, had a unique history that linked them to Belgium. While the region was predominantly German-speaking, it also bore distinct cultural and historical ties to Belgium, making it a debatable territory for territorial adjustments.

Historical Claims

Eupen and Malmedy had belonged to the imperial abbey until 1795, when France occupied the region. In 1815, the territory was divided between Prussia and the Netherlands, eventually becoming part of Belgium and Germany. Throughout this period, the people largely spoke French, specifically the Wallonian dialect. This historical linkage to Belgium made a case for territorial claim more compelling.

Eupen and St. Vith, on the other hand, were part of Austria from 1714 until 1795 when they fell under the control of Prussia through a larger deal aimed at ensuring a defensible border between Prussia and the Netherlands. Here, the inhabitants were primarily German-speaking, and the local dialects differed between High and Low German, reflecting the complex linguistic landscape. Additionally, the region was predominantly Catholic, another factor in the geopolitical dynamics of the time.

Strategic Considerations

Geopolitical Balance: The Allied powers sought to achieve a new balance of power in Europe post-World War I. Awarding Belgium only the territories of Eupen and Malmedy, rather than larger portions of the Rhine Province, was aimed at preventing Belgium from becoming too powerful or aggressive, particularly towards its neighbors, especially Germany. This strategic consideration was crucial in maintaining a stable and balanced Europe.

Limitations of the Treaty

The Self-Determination Principle was heavily emphasized in the Treaty of Versailles. While there were areas with ethnic Belgian populations, such as parts of the Rhine Region, many regions, like the Rhineland, were ethnically German. The Allies were cautious about altering borders based on ethnic lines to avoid further conflict, adhering to the principles of self-determination and territorial integrity.

French Influence

French Interests: France, in particular, played a dominant role in the post-war negotiations. The French were more focused on weakening Germany by controlling the Rhineland and strengthening their own borders rather than expanding Belgian territory. This strategic decision was influenced by France's own national interests and the broader geopolitical context.

Conclusion

In summary, Belgium received Eupen and Malmedy due to historical ties, the desire to maintain a balanced power in Europe, and the principle of self-determination. Larger portions of the Rhine Province were avoided due to their sensitive strategic nature and their predominantly German ethnic composition. The long-standing friendly relations in the area for over 60 years and the presence of the third generation suggest that stirring these historical waters could lead to unnecessary complications.

Therefore, while historical and cultural claims provided a strong case for Belgium, the broader objectives of maintaining peace, stability, and the principle of self-determination ultimately led to the limited territorial adjustments specified in the Treaty of Versailles.