Architectural Layouts of Early US Colonial Settlements
Early colonial settlers in America brought with them building traditions from their European homelands, adapting them to the new environment and the practical needs of a frontier life. The layout of their homes reflected their desire for shelter, community, and daily functionality. This article explores the common architectural layouts of early colonial homes and the unique features that make them distinct.
Single Room or Hall and Parlor Layout
Many early colonial homes were single-room structures, but a more common design was the hall and parlor layout, which featured two main rooms. The hall served as a living area, where the family gathered for daily activities and meals. The parlor was a more private space often used for sleeping or receiving guests. This layout provided a balance between communal and private spaces, a concept still valued today in home design.
Central Hearth and Chimney
The fireplace was a crucial feature in early colonial homes. Typically located at one end of the house, the chimney served as the primary source of heat and a place for cooking. The central hearth acted as a focal point of family life, where conversations, storytelling, and social gatherings took place. This centralized design not only provided warmth but also fostered community and family bonding.
Loft Space
Many colonial homes featured a loft or attic space above the main room. This area was used for storage, but it could also serve as additional sleeping quarters during the colder months. The loft provided an efficient use of the vertical space, maximizing the functionality of the home.
Materials Used
Early settlers often relied on local materials to construct their homes. Timber was a common choice for framing, with wattle and daub or stone used for walls. Thatch or wooden shingles were frequently used for roofing. These materials were not only readily available but also cost-effective and durable in the new environment.
Porches and Entrances
Many colonial homes featured simple porches or stoops at the entrance. These spaces provided a place for socializing and offered shelter from the elements, such as rain and sun. The architecture of these porches and entrances varied, often reflecting the local style and the settlers' preferences.
Functional Layout
The layout of early colonial homes was designed to be functional and practical. Rooms were often multipurpose, accommodating various daily activities. This adaptability allowed the family to utilize the space efficiently, creating a home that met the diverse needs of its inhabitants.
Surviving Examples
Some of the oldest surviving structures offer a glimpse into the architectural styles and layouts of early colonial homes. For example, the Fairbanks House in Dedham, Massachusetts, built between 1637 and 1641, is one of the oldest timber-frame houses in the United States. Its layout clearly shows earlier additions to the original central structure.
Another common house type in New England was the saltbox building, a two-story house with a roof that descended to a single story in the back. This design maximized space and light while maintaining functionality. An example is the Comfort Starr House in Guildford, Connecticut, built around 1645.
Grander houses also existed, such as Bacons Castle in Surry County, Virginia, built in 1665 by Arthur Allen. This house was constructed in the English Jacobean style and featured brick construction, which was more prominent in the South. The original construction is on the left, with a mid-19th-century addition on the right.
Further Reading and Resources
For those interested in learning more about the oldest buildings in the United States, Wikipedia provides a list of the oldest buildings in the United States. For detailed photographs and plans, the Historic American Buildings Survey at the Library of Congress offers a wealth of information.
To explore more about timber-frame houses, visit this page on the Library of Congress website. For a detailed look at saltbox houses, see this resource.